Sony's CineAlta 24P HD cameras are a series of professional digital video cameras that offer many of the same features of a 35mm motion picture film camera. CineAlta is a brand name used by Sony to describe various products involved in content creation, production and exhibition within a digital cinema workflow. Now Sony's products branded by CineAlta include camera, camcorder, recorder, cinema server and projector.
CineAlta cameras record onto tapes, professional discs or flash memory cards. They have the ability to shoot at various frame rates including 24fps and have a resolution of up to 1920 x 1080 pixels.
In 2000 George Lucas announced that 'Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones/Star Wars II: Attack of the Clones/Attack of the Clones: The IMAX Experience' [ph: David Tattersall] would be the first major motion picture to be shot 100% digitally. Sony and Panavision had teamed up to develop the High Definition 24P camera that Lucas would use to accomplish this and thus the first CineAlta camera was born: the Sony HDW-F900.

The F23 camera system is the pinnacle of Sony's 2/3" CineAlta line of 24P acquisition products for digital television and motion picture content creation. With cinematographers in mind, the F23 was designed to provide the highest picture quality with a wide color gamut and over 12 stops of exposure latitude. The F23 also features cinema camera style controls, a robust B4 lens mount, and a ergonomic chassis design that accepts traditional film camera accessories. In addition, the SRW-1 HDCAM SR recorder can be directly docked on either the top or tail of the camera system, or tethered by dual link HD-SDI cabling for mounting flexibility. When the SRW-1 is equipped with the optional HKSR102 board, the F23 can record overcranking, undercranking, slow shutter, and interval recording. The F23 also captures in full 1920 x 1080 progressive in either 4:4:4 RGB color, or 4:2:2 YCbCr.

In addition to the F23, Sony has introduced [in November 2008] the new CineAlta F35, a Sony version of Panavision's Genesis, which was equipped with 3 pieces of 35mm CCD and PL lens mount. The 35 refers to the size of the sensor as in the F23 [2/3 inch]. The new F35 shares the same body as the F23 but features a single Super 35mm size CCD sensor and will enable cinematographers to use 35mm PL-mount optics. The F35 will be a 1920 x 1080p HD camera and will deliver 4:4:4 picture quality, variable frame rates of 1-50fps and an extraordinary dynamic range between the highlights and shadows. Like the F23, the F35 is also designed to record on to an HDCAM SR recorder, which can be docked directly on to the back or top of the camera, or connected remotely via cable. The F35 is designed to extend Sony's CineAlta line up not to replace the F23. The F23 and F35 will address distinct production environments and both will co-exist together. Some cinematographers are committed to 2/3 inch lenses while others prefer 35mm.

In 2011/12, Sony introduced the CineAlta F65. The F65 fulfills every DPs dream by providing higher resolution than any previous digital motion picture camera, with greater exposure latitude, dynamic range and wider color gamut than ever before. Its file-based SR Codec recording enables fast, efficient episodic TV production workflow, while 16-bit linear RAW supports the most demanding feature films. The F65 uses a 20 million photosite Super-35 sensor to capture unsurpassed high-resolution images with 14 stops of Dynamic Range. It records them in 4K RAW from 1-60fps and in 2K RAW up to 120fps. The F65 can also output 1080p in Sony's robust SR recording codec. A spinning mechanical shutter eliminates rolling shutter artifacts inherent with CMOS sensors.

The first major Hollywood motion picture to be shot with the F65 is M. Night Shyamalan's 'After Earth' [2012], photographed by Peter Suschitzky.

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The Viper FilmStream Camera, with three 9.2-million pixel Frame Transfer CCDs, captures a 1920 × 1080 pixel image. In addition to uncompressed RGB output, the Viper is also capable of outputting RAW sensor data, which allows for more control in post-production. The camera has a unique feature known as Dynamic Pixel Management, which allows the camera to change its aspect ratio by vertically ganging pixels. This allows the cinematographer to shoot at different aspect ratios without cropping the image [thus losing resolution] or using anamorphic lenses. The Viper lacks on-board recording. The signals from the camera may be recorded to either tape or disk, depending on what mode the camera is used in.

The Viper is a product of Thomson S.A. Thomson was founded in 1879 by Elihu Thomson and Edwin Houston. In 1893 their French subsidiary, Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston, was founded. From this French company the modern Thomson S.A. evolved. In 2000, Thomson acquired Technicolor and the Dutch Philips Professional Broadcast, followed, in 2002, by the American company Grass Valley Group [founded in 1959]. Philips Professional Broadcast and Grass Valley, under the brand name Grass Valley, produced the Viper FilmStream. In 2010, Thomson [now named Technicolor] sold Grass Valley. Grass Valley continued producing the LDK HD Production cameras. The production of the Viper was discontinued.
The Viper was first used on the short movie 'Indoor Fireworks' [2003, Rudolf Buitendach; ph: Marc Felperlaan], though the first feature shot entirely with the Viper was 'Silence Becomes You' [2004-05, Stephanie Sinclaire; ph: Arturo Smith]. Other Viper films: 'Collateral' [2003; Viper + CineAlta HDW-F900 + film; dir: Michael Mann; ph: Paul Cameron & Dion Beebe], 'Miami Vice' [2005; Viper + CineAlta HDW-F900 + film; dir: Michael Mann; ph: Dion Beebe], 'Zodiac' [2005, David Fincher; ph: Harris Savides], 'Killer Pad' [2006, Robert Englund; ph: David Stump; 'Killer Pad' is being shot with two Viper Digital Cinematography cameras in FilmStream mode, which provides the greatest available latitudes and image quality available in today's digital equipment. The FilmStream signal is being recorded to the S.two DFR [Digital Field Recorder] digital disk recorder. This allows for the use of digital look up tables on set and for immediate playback and review of each take during the production], 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button' [2006-07, David Fincher; ph: Claudio Miranda], etc.
One of the Viper's strengths is its ability to shoot with extremely low light levels, which allowed much of 'Collateral' to be shot on the streets of Los Angeles at night without the need for substantial supplemental lighting equipment.
While the Viper is designed to produce full resolution RAW images in 4:4:4 log data, it can also produce 4:4:4 RGB video images.
Cinematographer Tom Burstyn used the Viper in the 4:2:2 HDStream mode for the first season [2004] of the tv-series 'The 4400'.

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After aborted attempts to create a film-style video camera in the 1970s and 1980s, Panavision joined the digital revolution in July 2000, establishing DHD Ventures in partnership with Sony. The new company's objective was to raise the quality of high definition digital video to the standards of top-level Hollywood motion-picture production. This cooperative venture was established largely at the instigation of George Lucas to serve his designs for the 'Star Wars' prequels.
The collaboration resulted in the Sony HDW-F900 CineAlta HDCAM high definition video camera [also called the Panavision HD-900F after being 'Panavised'].

'In 1997, Panavision and Sony announced their collaboration on the development of a 24 frame, progressive capture digital high definition camera suitable for use by filmmakers to create images for the motion picture screen. Panavising the Sony HDW-F900 camera required a disassembly of the stock camera and replacement of the top cover, carrying handle, bottom supports and mounts with more robust and flexible mounts and handles. Also, a complete new faceplate, lens lock and iris rod support system have been installed. A newly designed Ultraview Viewfinder with enhanced optical performance and easier to use controls replaces the standard viewfinder. These changes and more were made in order to produce a film friendly system that utilizes many of the standard Panavision accessories, such as the follow focus, matte box, heads, etc.
In addition to the mechanical modifications to the camera, a unique optical pre-filter gives you better color matching with film emulsions and enhanced resolution for blue screen effects cinematography.
Historically, 525 and 625 line video systems were constrained in their performance by almost everything but optics. However, with the introduction of the first progressive output 2/3", 2 million pixel [per color] CCD camera it was immediately apparent that optics were going to be critical to maximizing the performance of a Digital Cinematography System.
The 2/3" CCD imager is actually only 11mm in diagonal [as compared to the 27.5 mm diagonal of a 35mm motion picture film frame]. Therefore, for any given screen size, the 2/3" CCD will require 2.5 times more horizontal magnification than a 35mm film frame. This required that our new Primo Digital lens series be designed to have 2.5 times the performance of our best cine lenses. All Primo Digital lenses are optimized for maximum image quality at fast maximum apertures of T1.6-1.9 [F1.45-1.75], thus enabling depths of field similar to 35mm cine formats.' [From the Panavision website.]

The new system was used in the making of Lucasfilm's 'Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones/Star Wars II: Attack of the Clones/Attack of the Clones: The IMAX Experience', described as 'the first digital major feature film'.

The next step in the evolution of the digital cinema camera also involved collaboration between Sony and Panavision; this time, Panavision participated in all stages of development. The aim was to create a system that could use the entire range of the company's 35mm spherical lenses. This led to the 2004 introduction of the Genesis HD camera. Its Super 35mm film–sized recording area made it focally compatible with regular 35mm lenses, giving it a true 35mm depth of field. The electronics were manufactured by Sony. The chassis and mechanics were designed by Panavision.

'For the cinematographer, shooting with Genesis means no compromise on depth of field control, portability, sensitivity, dynamic range or color. Genesis was designed as a Panavision camera. It uses the same Primo lenses and the same accessories as our film cameras. The Genesis Super 35mm sensor is a 12.4 mega pixel, true RGB sensor, with the same number of pixels for each of the three primaries, unlike Bayer pattern cameras that have half as many red or blue pixels as green ones. Genesis was designed with digital intermediates in mind. It offers a unique gamma and colorimetry that enables seamless intercutting with all 35mm film emulsions. Genesis shutter angles range from 3.8° to 360° and frame rates from 1-50fps. The 360° shutter is new territory for film cinematographers, yielding one more stop of exposure, with increased motion blur. Genesis can record either to the new Panavision Solid State Recorder SSR-1 [uncompressed 4:4:4 or 4:2:2 recording - 21 minute capacity in 23.98 fps 4:4:4 SP mode - 43 minute capacity in 23.98 fps 4:2:2 LP mode], or to the Sony HDCAM-SR videotape recorder [4:4:4 RGB recording - maximum 50 minutes recording per cassette at 24fps]. Both units dock directly [top or rear] to Genesis, ensuring a totally portable package without cables to external recording devices.' [From the Panavision website.]

The Genesis was first used on 'Superman Returns' [2005; Genesis + film; dir: Bryan Singer; ph: Newton Thomas Sigel] and 'Flyboys' [2005, Tony Bill; ph: Henry Braham].

See also: Modern Motion Picture Cameras - Panavision
See also: Film Formats - Panavision

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Arriflex D-21 - The Film Style Digital Camera

The Arriflex D-21 [successor to the D-20] combines leading edge digital technology with film camera features that have been refined over ARRI's 90-year history. It allows directors and cinematographers to shoot in the same way as they would with 35mm film, while taking advantage of the immediacy and economy of digital acquisition.
Through ARRI Imaging Technology, the D-21 produces brilliant images with a cinematic look and feel. D-21 images have a high dynamic range, high contrast and the most film-like color reproduction of any digital motion picture camera.
Incorporating a rotating mirror shutter, optical viewfinder and compatibility with existing film accessories, the D-21 is immediately recognizable as an ARRI camera and film crews feel comfortable operating it. Further film style features include variable frame rate and robust construction.
The D-21's single, Super 35-size CMOS sensor exhibits the same cinematic depth of field as 35mm film and the camera's industry standard PL lens mount accepts the same unequalled variety of spherical lenses as used on 35mm film cameras. Since the D-21 is the only digital high-end camera with a 4 x 3 aspect ratio sensor, it can make full use of anamorphic lenses.
The ARRIRAW format enables the D-21 to output RAW uncompressed data. Alternatively - or simultaneously - the camera can output an uncompressed HD signal that works perfectly in the established HD infrastructure.
While most digital cameras use electronic viewfinders, the D-21 is equipped with the same optical viewfinder as all other ARRI cameras. Thus the D-21 viewfinder always shows an image area larger than the image being recorded, and it can be used even when the camera is not powered up.

Light entering the taking lens is diverted by a spinning mirror shutter and generates a bright, magnified full color image in the viewfinder. This direct light path, free of any electronic image processing, ensures fatigue-free viewing as well as zero delay, a crucial feature when shooting fast action, where a delay of even a few frames can be very confusing.
Most crucial of all is the fact that an optical viewfinder shows an image larger than that being recorded and therefore allows the operator to see not just what is in frame, but also what is just outside the frame. This safety area permits meticulous composition and helps the operator prevent unwanted objects from entering a shot.

ALEXA is unique in that it can simultaneously record Apple QuickTime/ProRes files, output uncompressed HD video or uncompressed ARRIRAW data. This output versatility makes it ideal for a myriad of productions and workflows from telenovellas to feature films.
As the best recording media for the QuickTime/ProRes files, ARRI has chosen SxS cards because of their high data throughput. Two SxS cards fit into a module on the camera's left side for convenient on-board recording and are hot swappable.
Two outputs which can be configured to 3G or 1.5G HD-SDI deliver an uncompressed high definition video stream with various options such as recording in 4:2:2 or 4:4:4 and ITU Rec709 or Log C tone mapping and color matrixes.
The two recording links can alternatively be used to output the ARRIRAW T-link signal, which can be recorded by a number of certified third party on-board recorders. ARRIRAW is the only way to access the full potential of ALEXA's sensor [ALEV III CMOS] which has color and dynamic range capabilities far beyond standard HD. ARRI's own ARRIRAW Image Converter [ARC] provides image reconstruction features for the Windows, LINUX and Mac OS platforms. As a result of long term corporate initiatives with key development partners within the ARRIRAW Partner Program, a number of post production tools can now natively work with ARRIRAW files. These output formats are well established standards that integrate the cameras seamlessly into the existing HD infrastructure. [From the ARRI website.]

In 2011, ARRI introduced 2 new ALEXA models: the ALEXA Studio with an optical viewfinder and a 4:3 sensor, and the ALEXA M with a separate camera head and body. The ALEXA Plus is an upgrade to the ALEXA camera, adding built-in wireless remote control, the ARRI Lens Data System [LDS], additional MON OUT video and RS power outputs, lens synchronization for 3D and built-in position and motion sensors.

In 2013, ARRI introduced the ALEXA XT. With the ALEXA XT cameras [Xtended Technology] ARRI is refreshing its ALEXA product line, incorporating new features inspired by feedback from professional users. The ALEXA XT, ALEXA XT M, ALEXA XT Plus and ALEXA XT Studio cameras will replace all previous models except for the original ALEXA. All ALEXA XT models come with the new XR Module, a side panel that was co-developed with Codex to replace the previous SxS Module. The result is a smaller, lighter, more affordable and cable-free camera package that records ARRIRAW, ALEXA's highest quality image output, inside the camera. For the most effective use of anamorphic lenses, each ALEXA XT model is equipped with a 4:3 sensor, the same size and shape as a Super 35mm film frame. This is crucial for delivering the unique and cinematic widescreen look that can trace its origins back to the CinemaScope films of the 1950s.

See also: Darius Khondji

See also: Modern Motion Picture Cameras - ARRI

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The RED Digital Cinema Camera Company was founded in 2005 by Jim Jannard. In 2006, the company announced its first digital cinematography camera, the RED One. The camera is capable of recording compressed image data at resolutions up to 4096 x 2304, directly to flash or hard disk based digital storage. The camera was released in 2007.

The RED One body is designed for flexibility and functionality. Weighing in at 10 lbs, this is a streamlined package specifically designed to maximize your shooting options. Matched with a 35mm PL lens mount, it allows you to take advantage of the world’s finest optics. Red One's modular design means you can upgrade as we add new features and accessories, as well as benefiting from performance improvements with each new free firmware upgrade.
Typical high-end HD camcorders have 2.1M pixel sensors and record with 3:1:1 color sub-sampled video at up to 30fps. RED One offers the Mysterium, a 12 megapixel Super 35mm cine sized [24.4 x 13.7mm] CMOS sensor [later the 14 megapixel Mysterium-X], which provides 4K [later 4.5K] [up to 30 fps], 3K [up to 60 fps] and 2K [up to 120 fps] capture, and all this with wide dynamic range and color space in 12 bit native RAW. In addition, you get the same breathtaking depth of field and selective focus as found in film cameras using equivalent 35mm PL mount lenses. Mysterium boasts greater than 66db Dynamic Range thanks to its large 29 sq. micron pixels. And 12,065,000 pixels deliver resolution that can only be called Ultra High Definition.

Shoot lightweight EFP style or load it up to shoot a feature film. Options include RED-Rail mounting accessories that 'grow' the camera body. The RED One body and RED-Rail components provide numerous mounting points to allow hundreds of optional RED and third party accessories. Choose between the convenience and durability of recording directly to Compact Flash, in-camera, or outputting signal to RED Flash Drive or RED Drive [RAID] for even longer recording options.

In 2011, RED released the RED Epic [-M & -X] and the Scarlet-X. 'Epic ushers in the next generation of digital cinema, featuring a 5K sensor [720p to 5K] capable of capturing 1 to 120 frames per second at full resolution. From fashion spreads to 3D IMAX features, Epic has crossbred elite photography with unrivaled cinema capability - all in a camera the size of a DSLR. In challenging lighting conditions, Epic makes it easy to adapt with its ability to reach up to 18 stops of dynamic range with HDRx. Remarkable technology packed into a 4lb body - with Epic, less is more. Scarlet-X: With the ability to capture 5K stills and 4K motion, resolution sustains itself as a dominant gene in the RED family. Scarlet-X functions as a flexible device, utilizing HDRx and interchangeable lens mounts to provide you with options in a world that's always changing. Capture every perfect moment with 5K burst modes that snap up to 12 frames per second and 4K reaching up to 30 frames per second. Call it 'cinephotography' - all of the finest qualities of cinema and photography now aligned in Scarlet-X.' [From the company website.]

Go to the RED website.

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>  Vision Research in Wayne, New Jersey, USA, is the producer of the Phantom Digital high-speed camera. The forerunner of the company was founded in 1950.

>  EFP: Electronic Field Production is a television industry term referring to television production which takes place outside of a formal studio, in a practical location or special venue.
>  CMOS: Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors and data converters.
>  HD: High-definition video generally refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition video, most commonly at display resolutions of 1280 × 720 [720p] or 1920 × 1080 [1080i or 1080p].
>  Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing more resolution for luminance information than for color information. It is used in many video encoding schemes, both analog and digital. Because of storage and transmission limitations, there is always a desire to reduce [or compress] the signal. Since the human visual system is much more sensitive to variations in brightness than color, a video system can be optimized by devoting more bandwidth to the luma component [usually denoted Y'], than to the color difference components Cb and Cr. The 4:2:2 Y'CbCr [Y' is the luma component and Cb and Cr are the blue and red chroma components] scheme for example requires two-thirds the bandwidth of 4:4:4 R'G'B' [= Red, Green & Blue]. This reduction results in almost no visual difference as perceived by the viewer.
>  CCD: A charge-coupled device is an analog shift register, enabling analog signals [electric charges] to be transported through successive stages [capacitors] controlled by a clock signal. Charge coupled devices can be used as a form of memory or for delaying analog, sampled signals. Today, they are most widely used for serializing parallel analog signals, namely in arrays of photoelectric light sensors. This use is so predominant that in common parlance, CCD is [erroneously] used as a synonym for a type of image sensor even though, strictly speaking, CCD refers solely to the way that the image signal is read out from the chip. Digital color cameras generally use a Bayer mask over the CCD. Each square of four pixels has one filtered red, one blue, and two green [the human eye is more sensitive to green than either red or blue]. The result of this is that luminance information is collected at every pixel, but the color resolution is lower than the luminance resolution. Better color separation can be reached by three-CCD devices [3CCD] and a dichroic beam splitter prism, that splits the image into red, green and blue components. Each of the three CCDs is arranged to respond to a particular color. Some semi-professional digital video camcorders [and most professionals] use this technique. Another advantage of 3CCD over a Bayer mask device is higher quantum efficiency [and therefore higher light sensitivity for a given aperture size]. This is because in a 3CCD device most of the light entering the aperture is captured by a sensor, while a Bayer mask absorbs a high proportion [about 2/3] of the light falling on each CCD pixel.
>  Pixel: A pixel [short for picture element, using the common abbreviation 'pix' for 'pictures'] is a single point in a graphic image. Each such information element is not really a dot, nor a square, but an abstract sample. With care, pixels in an image can be reproduced at any size without the appearance of visible dots or squares; but in many contexts, they are reproduced as dots or squares and can be visibly distinct when not fine enough. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three or four dimensions of variability such as red, green, and blue [RGB], or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black [CMYK].
>  RAW: A camera raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, image scanner, or motion picture film scanner. Raw files are so named because they are not yet processed and therefore are not ready to be printed or edited. Raw image files are sometimes called digital negatives, as they fulfill the same role as negatives in film photography: that is, the negative is not directly usable as an image, but has all of the information needed to create an image. Likewise, the process of converting a raw image file into a viewable format is sometimes called developing a raw image, by analogy with the film development process used to convert photographic film into viewable prints.
>  REDCODE RAW [R3D] is a proprietary multimedia audio/video file format owned by Red Digital Cinema Camera Company and featuring lossy compression for both audio and video contents. It is used as native recording format of the Red One 4K digital camera and recorded on proprietary Hard Disk Drives or CompactFlash cards, but can be extracted from there and be trivially handled in any file-based audio/video, IT and home environments. [From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.]

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